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TNF- induces oxidative stress by the generation of ROS via leakage from the mitochondrial electron transport chain and therefore depletes GSH in human alveolar epithelial and pulmonary artery endothelial cells (190,196)
G-protein dependent platelet signalingperspectives for therapy
The CD-HT association likely reflects shared immune susceptibility and broader polyautoimmunity, not a single mechanism alone ( Gut dysbiosis, increased permeability, and altered microbial metabolites provide a plausible gut-thyroid bridge (34, 35, 39)
Among them, the glutamate produced by the decomposition of glutamine via GLS not only provides the raw material for the synthesis of GSH but is also further metabolized into -ketoglutarate (-KG) in the mitochondria under the action of glutamate dehydrogenase (GLUD1) or transaminases and then enters the tricarboxylic acid cycle to produce ATP [29]
Pulidindi K, Ahuja K